The light electrical engineering industry at present r a wide range of products including general utility fa lamps, batteries, refrigerators, conditioners and motor Electric fans industry commenced in the year 1921, a since then has made a remarkable and steady progre Electric lamp industry has made good progress es] cially since indeP7ndence, though it was established earli i.e., in the year 1932. The range of production inclue miniature lamps for torches, automobiles, cycle dynam fluorescent tubes, mercury vapour lamps and bulbs. Muml and Kolkata are the largest centres of production.
Production of dry and storage batteries started in t 1930s but got a fillip during the Second World War. Stora batteries are mainly required for motor vehicles, tr, lighting, posts and telegraphs apparatus and power house as well as batteries for traction.
Machine tools form the basis for the manufacture industrial machinery, defence equipment, automobiles, ra way engines and electrical machinery. The range of IT chine tools now being manufactured in India covers su items as lathes, drilling machines, gear bobbers and ge shapers, boring machines, slothing machines, unit he, power hammers, mechanical and hydraulic presses, we] ing machines, furnaces and rolling mills.
Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT), a public sector u dertaking located in Bangalore, is the pioneering and t largest manufacturer of machine tools in the country. It w set up in 1953 in collaboration with the Swiss and t production started in 1956. The multi-unit company produces a wide range of machines like printing machinel lamp-making machinery, high precision lathes, radial driing machines, gears, etc. Two units are located at Bangalore and the others at Pinjore (Haryana), Kalamassery (Kerala), Ajmer and Hyderabad.
Besides HMT, other producers are the Machine Tool Corporation of India set up in 1967 in collaboration with the Czech government at Ajmer; Instrumentation Ltd., having a plant at Kota for precision instruments and one for mechanical instruments at Palakkad (Kerala) set up with financial and technical assistance from the former USSR government; the Heavy Machine Tools Plant .set up at Ranchi with Czech assistance for production of radial drilling machines, double column planning machines, centrallathes, etc.; the Praga Tools Ltd. of Secunderabad under defence administration mainly meant for producing highly sophisticated defence equipments; the National Instruments Factory at Kolkata which produces precision instruments such as drawing instruments, office equipment, survey instruments, binoculars and blood pressure equipments. There are also several private sector units dispersed all over the country with a greater concentration at Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore and Coimbatore.
Thursday, November 5, 2009
Engineering Industry
Germany Essen, Dusseldorf, Dortmund, etc., in the Ruhr Basin are famous centres of machine building in Germany. Solingen is famous for manufacturing cutlery and tools.
France In France, automobiles are manufactured at Clermont Ferrand; textile machinery at Valenciennes and Lille; and heavy machines and locomotives at St. Etienne and Creusot.
Russia Russia is amongst the leading nations in the field of locomoti~es. Voroshilovgrad, Donetsk, Gorky, Kharkov and Omsk are the main centres of locomotive production in the country.
India The machine tool industry which produces machinery for other industries is a specialised field. Machine-tool plants are generally located in long established industrial areas with a ready supply of skilled labour. The developed countries all have good base in engineering industries which include, besides machine tools, electrical goods and electronic systems and transport equipment.
This sector of the industry developed in India only after independence. Before that the country totally depended on imports. Heavy engineering industry produces capital goods and consumer durables and its products can be put into the following categories-industrial machinery or capital goods, power generation equipment, transport equipment, rail equipment, aircraft building and ship building.
Engineering industry requires foundry-grade iron, alloys and special tools as raw materials. These are now produced in almost every part of the country to be used for further fabrication into a wide range of machine tools, machinery and equipment.
The industry also requires skilled labour. This industry is mostly scattered in and around Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Kolkata, Nagpur, Delhi, Chennai, Bhadravati, Bangalore, Mumbai, Thane, Pune, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Agra, Faridabad and Lucknow.
Industrial Machinery units produce capital goods for iron and steel industry, fertiliser industry, mining, construction machinery, sugar industry, textile industry, agricultural machinery, tractors, pumps, diesel engines, etc. The setting up of the Heavy Engineering Corporation at Ranchi in 1958 gave a major boost to heavy engineering industry in India. The HEC has three projects-the heavy machine building plant, the heavy machine tool plant and the foundry forge plant. Besides meeting the requirements of the steel industry, the corporation also produces heavy crushing and grinding equipment, crane equipment, rolling mill equipment, mining equipment~ press forging equipment and oilwell drilling rigs. The Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation, Durgapur, produces coal mining machinery. The offshore drilling rigs are produced only at the. Mazagaon Docks, while onshore drilling equipment is produced at BHEL, Hyderabad.
The heavy electrical industry comprises equipment used for the generation, transmission, distribution and utilisation of power. It includes items such as generators, boilers, turbines, transformers and switchgears. Most these products are manufactured in the public sector companies like Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) , Heavy Electricals Limited (HEL).
BHEL has set up the following plants/units to augm the production of power generating equipments.
(i) Heavy electric equipments plant This was set up Soviet assistance at Ranipur (Hardwar) with the capae of producing 2.7 lakh KW of steam and water turbines a generators, and 5.2 lakh KW of industrial electric mote
(ii) Heavy power equipment plant It was set up Ramchandrapufilm (Andhra Pradesh) with the capacity manufacture 800 MW of steam turbines and turbo-alter] tors per annum.
(iii) High pressure boiler plant The plant has been set at Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu) with the capacity of prod ing 12 high pressure boilers of a total of 750 MW capaCi boiler fittings and package boiler units per year.
(iv) The switch gear unit Set up at Ramachandrapur, (Andhra Pradesh), this unit produces air blast and miniml oil circuit breakers.
The other units of BHEL include Central Found, Forge Plant, Hardwar; Seamless Steel Tube Pia Tiruchirapalli; and Transformer Plant at Jhansi.
HEL was established at Bhopal in 1956 with I technical collaboration of a British firm. It produces stei turbines, turbo-alternators, transformers, freight locoD tives, capacitors using non-inflammable liquid dielectl control gears, switchgears, railway traction equipment, ~
France In France, automobiles are manufactured at Clermont Ferrand; textile machinery at Valenciennes and Lille; and heavy machines and locomotives at St. Etienne and Creusot.
Russia Russia is amongst the leading nations in the field of locomoti~es. Voroshilovgrad, Donetsk, Gorky, Kharkov and Omsk are the main centres of locomotive production in the country.
India The machine tool industry which produces machinery for other industries is a specialised field. Machine-tool plants are generally located in long established industrial areas with a ready supply of skilled labour. The developed countries all have good base in engineering industries which include, besides machine tools, electrical goods and electronic systems and transport equipment.
This sector of the industry developed in India only after independence. Before that the country totally depended on imports. Heavy engineering industry produces capital goods and consumer durables and its products can be put into the following categories-industrial machinery or capital goods, power generation equipment, transport equipment, rail equipment, aircraft building and ship building.
Engineering industry requires foundry-grade iron, alloys and special tools as raw materials. These are now produced in almost every part of the country to be used for further fabrication into a wide range of machine tools, machinery and equipment.
The industry also requires skilled labour. This industry is mostly scattered in and around Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Kolkata, Nagpur, Delhi, Chennai, Bhadravati, Bangalore, Mumbai, Thane, Pune, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Agra, Faridabad and Lucknow.
Industrial Machinery units produce capital goods for iron and steel industry, fertiliser industry, mining, construction machinery, sugar industry, textile industry, agricultural machinery, tractors, pumps, diesel engines, etc. The setting up of the Heavy Engineering Corporation at Ranchi in 1958 gave a major boost to heavy engineering industry in India. The HEC has three projects-the heavy machine building plant, the heavy machine tool plant and the foundry forge plant. Besides meeting the requirements of the steel industry, the corporation also produces heavy crushing and grinding equipment, crane equipment, rolling mill equipment, mining equipment~ press forging equipment and oilwell drilling rigs. The Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation, Durgapur, produces coal mining machinery. The offshore drilling rigs are produced only at the. Mazagaon Docks, while onshore drilling equipment is produced at BHEL, Hyderabad.
The heavy electrical industry comprises equipment used for the generation, transmission, distribution and utilisation of power. It includes items such as generators, boilers, turbines, transformers and switchgears. Most these products are manufactured in the public sector companies like Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) , Heavy Electricals Limited (HEL).
BHEL has set up the following plants/units to augm the production of power generating equipments.
(i) Heavy electric equipments plant This was set up Soviet assistance at Ranipur (Hardwar) with the capae of producing 2.7 lakh KW of steam and water turbines a generators, and 5.2 lakh KW of industrial electric mote
(ii) Heavy power equipment plant It was set up Ramchandrapufilm (Andhra Pradesh) with the capacity manufacture 800 MW of steam turbines and turbo-alter] tors per annum.
(iii) High pressure boiler plant The plant has been set at Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu) with the capacity of prod ing 12 high pressure boilers of a total of 750 MW capaCi boiler fittings and package boiler units per year.
(iv) The switch gear unit Set up at Ramachandrapur, (Andhra Pradesh), this unit produces air blast and miniml oil circuit breakers.
The other units of BHEL include Central Found, Forge Plant, Hardwar; Seamless Steel Tube Pia Tiruchirapalli; and Transformer Plant at Jhansi.
HEL was established at Bhopal in 1956 with I technical collaboration of a British firm. It produces stei turbines, turbo-alternators, transformers, freight locoD tives, capacitors using non-inflammable liquid dielectl control gears, switchgears, railway traction equipment, ~
Wednesday, November 4, 2009
Units of India's Iron and Steel Industry
Units of India's Iron and Steel Industry
India's iron and steel industry consists of the following units.
Integrated Steel Plants Steel plants of Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro, Burnpur, Visakhapatnam, Salem, Vijaynagar and Bhadravati are integrated steel plants.
Mini-Steel Plants These plants generally use ferrous scrap, pig iron or sponge iron as their raw material.
They work through electric furnaces. While integrated steel plants mainly produce mild steel in bulk quantity, mini-steel plants produce mild steel as well as alloy steel including stainless steel. Crude steel production from this sector during April 1999-January 2000 was 7.09 million tonnes (provisional). Mini-steel plants have short gestation periods and they offer great flexibility in operation.
Re-rolling Units The re-rolling units broadly fall under three categories from the view point of their operations
(i) Billet re-rollers Manufacturing of bars, rods, hoop~ light structurals and special sections.
(ii) Secondary producers Manufacturing of bars, spring steel, rivets, nuts, bolts, steel castings, rods, hoops, wire and wire nails, and light structurals.
(iii) Scrap re-rollers Manufacturing of bars and rods.
These rolling units generally work on small scale, and produce articles which are mostly used for agricultural purposes and ferro-concrete works.
The re-rolling mills are scattered throughout the coun. try, particularly in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and Kerala.
Tool Alloy The alloy steel plant at Durgapur has bee~ established with the help of Japanese consortium for erection of the equipment, while a Canadian firm has
India's iron and steel industry consists of the following units.
Integrated Steel Plants Steel plants of Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro, Burnpur, Visakhapatnam, Salem, Vijaynagar and Bhadravati are integrated steel plants.
Mini-Steel Plants These plants generally use ferrous scrap, pig iron or sponge iron as their raw material.
They work through electric furnaces. While integrated steel plants mainly produce mild steel in bulk quantity, mini-steel plants produce mild steel as well as alloy steel including stainless steel. Crude steel production from this sector during April 1999-January 2000 was 7.09 million tonnes (provisional). Mini-steel plants have short gestation periods and they offer great flexibility in operation.
Re-rolling Units The re-rolling units broadly fall under three categories from the view point of their operations
(i) Billet re-rollers Manufacturing of bars, rods, hoop~ light structurals and special sections.
(ii) Secondary producers Manufacturing of bars, spring steel, rivets, nuts, bolts, steel castings, rods, hoops, wire and wire nails, and light structurals.
(iii) Scrap re-rollers Manufacturing of bars and rods.
These rolling units generally work on small scale, and produce articles which are mostly used for agricultural purposes and ferro-concrete works.
The re-rolling mills are scattered throughout the coun. try, particularly in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and Kerala.
Tool Alloy The alloy steel plant at Durgapur has bee~ established with the help of Japanese consortium for erection of the equipment, while a Canadian firm has
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES: IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY World The iron and ste industry provides the bas\e for all other industries an hence, it is called a basic industry. Some of the importa iron and steel producing areas of the world are: the Gre Lakes region and the At\antic coast in the USA; tI northern, north-eastern and central parts of England; Franc Belgium, Loraine-Luxembourg-Saar and Ruhr in Westei Europe; Ukraine; the Ural region of Russia; and tI Chhotanagpur region in India. The UK, the US, German Russia. France, Italy, India and China are major produce of iron and steel.
India The first unit, which was able to produce pig in successfully, in India came up at Kulti in 1874 and w, named the Bengal Iron Work Company. Another pIa came up at Sakchi (now Jamshedpur) in 1907, set up 1 the Tatas and called the Tata Iron and Steel Compar (TISCO). In 1919, the Indian Iron and Steel Compar (IISCO) plant was set up at Burnpur. In 1923, another pIa came up, called the Mysore Steel Works (later named tI Visveshwaraiya Iron and Steel Limited-VISL).
The location of iron and steel industry in India has beE primarily influenced by considerations of transportation costs in procuring raw materials such as iron ore, coal ar limestone. The country's richest iron ore deposits lie in tl iron belt extending from Gurumahisani Hills in tl Mayurbhanj region in Orissa to Singhbhum district.1 Jharkhand. In Singhbhum district alone, it is estimated th there are 1,000 million tonnes of high grade iron ore. Co is another important raw material for the iron and ste industry. Raniganj (West Bengal) and Jharia Gharkhan( have abundance of good quality coal. The best coking co, of Giridih and Jharia containing low phosphorus conte] is suited for manufacture of high grade steel.
Besides these two vital raw materials, West Bengal an Jharkhand states are also rich in a large number of flt materials needed for purifying the molten metal, such, limestone (Ranchi hills); silica (jabalpur and Dhanbad); dolomite (Madhya Pradesh, including Chhattisgarh); quartz in Kharagpur hills (in Monghyr, Bihar); and vanadium (Mayurbhanj).
Hence, because of the easy and cheap availability of the above raw materials, the iron and steel industry is located mainly in Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal. Of the seven major steel plants, six are located in these states, and only one in South India (Kamataka).
The TISCO plant at Jamshedpur can be said to be the oldest in the country. It is based on the haematite iron ores from the Gurumahisani mines in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa and from the Noamundi mines in Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. Coal is derived from Jharia mines in Jharkhand. Manganese for the TISCO plant comes from Joda in Kendujhar (Orissa); limestone, dolomite and fireclay
from Sundergarh (Orissa); water from Subamarekha and Kharkai rivers. Labour force for the plant comes from Bihar' and Orissa.
The IISCO plant has three units at Hirapur, Kulti and Bumpur, which were combined and nationalised during 1972. Hirapur produces pig iron which is sent to Kulti for making steel. Bumpur has a steel rolling mill. The iron ore for the plant is obtained from Gua mines, coal from Jharia and power is supplied by the Damodar Valley Corporation. Manganese comes from Madhya Pradesh, and quartz from Kharagpur hills near Monghyr in Bihar. Limestone is obtained from Paraghat and Baraduar on the Eastem Railway.
The VISL plant is located at Bhadravati in Shimoga district of Kamataka which lies in the mineral rich forest belt of western Karnataka. The plant is situated on River Bhadra. The plant produces high quality chrome steel. Iron ore for the plant is obtained from Kemangundi in the Bababudan hills in Chikmaglur district. Earlier, charcoal from forest wood was used because no coal was available, but now power is available from the Bhadravati Hydel Power Project. Limestone for flux is obtained from the Bandigudda deposits. Manganese comes from Shimoga and Chitradurga.
The discovery of coking coal in Korba in Chhattisgarh was the principal event that encouraged the government to set up a steel plant at Bhilai in Durg district of Chhattisgarh which is an economically backward region. The plant was set up with Soviet help and it started operating in 1959. The supply of iron ore for the plant comes from the Dalli- Rajhra ranges of Durg district itself. Coal comes from Korba, Kargali and Jharia. Power is supplied by the Korba Thermal Power Station. Manganese comes from the Bhandra and Balaghat mines, and limestone from Nandini mines. The Bhilai Steel Plant lies on the Mumbai-Nagpur-Kolkata rail line which links the plant to the major markets.
The plant at Rourkela also started operating in 1959.
It was set up in Sundergarh district of Orissa with German help. Iron ore for the plant comes from Sundergarh and Kendujhar; coal comes from Jharia Gharkhand) and Talcher (Orissa); power is supplied by the Hirakud project; manganese comes from Baramajda; dolomite from Baradwar and limestone from Purnapani. The Rourkela plant is the only one in India where steel is produced by L. D.
Conversion Process. It is situated on Kolkata-NagpurMumbai line, and thus linked to major markets.The plant at Durgapur, in Bardhman district of West Bengal, started operating in 1962. It was set up with help from the United Kingdom. The alloy steel plant at Durgapur produces ingot steel. Iron ore for the Durgapur steel plant comes from Bolani mines in Kendujhar; coal from Jharia, and power is supplied by the Damodar Valley Corporation(DVC). Limestone comes from Sundergarh (Orissa) and manganese from Kendujhar (Orissa). Durgapur steel plant is situated on the Kolkata-Asansol rail line. This way, it is connected with Kolkata port and the major markets.
The Bokaro steel plant is situated in Bihar at the confluence of Bokaro and Damodar rivers. It was established during the Third Plan, but started operating in 1972. It was set up with Soviet help. Iron ore for the plant comes from Kiriburu in Kendujhar district of Orissa and partly from Salem, Mangalore and Ratnagiri by sea route. Coal comes from Jharia and power is supplied by DVe. Limestone supplies are drawn from Bhavantpur and Daltonganj in the Palamau district, and dolomite from Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh. The location of the steel plant is favourable, as it is nearest to the industrial region of southern Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi, Kanpur, Ferozabad, Mugalserai) and also has access to Delhi and Amritsar.
The plant at Salem in Tamil Nadu was planned during the Fourth Plan, but it could come into operation only in 1982. Earlier, due to lack of suitable raw materials in the area for making iron by the conventional blast furnace process, the proposal for a steel plant could not get materialised. Salem area is rich in iron ore and this iron Qre undergoes benefication to a higher grade concentrate, agglomerated and then smelted in electric furnace. The Salem plant produces stainless steel.
The Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, which came into operation in 1992, is the first plant in the shore region. It is also the most sophisticated modem integrated steel plant in the country. A number of modern technological features have been incorporated in the. plant. Being located at a port site, the plant has the flexibility to opt for imported coking coal thereby relieving the pressure on Indian coal mines. Also, its products can be easily exported. Visakhapatnam is well connected with the coalfields of Damodar Valley. The iron ore deposits are obtained from Bailadila in Madhya Pradesh. Fluxes like limestone, refractories and ferroalloys can be obtained from the adjacent areas.
The Vijaynagar steel plant has been set up at Tornagal near Hospet in Bellary district of Karnataka. The plant obtains coking coal and blendable coal from the coalfields nearer to Hospet at Kanhan valley in Madhya Pradesh and Sringareni in Andhra Pradesh. Iron ore is available in plenty from mines in Kamataka, while good quality limestone and dolomite is available nearby.
The first integrated steel plant in north India is expected to go into production at Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh. It is being set up by Malvika Steel, a subsidiary of Usha (India). Designed in collaboration with China Metallurgical Import and Export Corporation (CMIEC), the plant will have a mix of 5.75 lakh tonnes of long products and 57,000 tonnes of foundry-grade pig iron per year when fully commissioned.
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY World The iron and ste industry provides the bas\e for all other industries an hence, it is called a basic industry. Some of the importa iron and steel producing areas of the world are: the Gre Lakes region and the At\antic coast in the USA; tI northern, north-eastern and central parts of England; Franc Belgium, Loraine-Luxembourg-Saar and Ruhr in Westei Europe; Ukraine; the Ural region of Russia; and tI Chhotanagpur region in India. The UK, the US, German Russia. France, Italy, India and China are major produce of iron and steel.
India The first unit, which was able to produce pig in successfully, in India came up at Kulti in 1874 and w, named the Bengal Iron Work Company. Another pIa came up at Sakchi (now Jamshedpur) in 1907, set up 1 the Tatas and called the Tata Iron and Steel Compar (TISCO). In 1919, the Indian Iron and Steel Compar (IISCO) plant was set up at Burnpur. In 1923, another pIa came up, called the Mysore Steel Works (later named tI Visveshwaraiya Iron and Steel Limited-VISL).
The location of iron and steel industry in India has beE primarily influenced by considerations of transportation costs in procuring raw materials such as iron ore, coal ar limestone. The country's richest iron ore deposits lie in tl iron belt extending from Gurumahisani Hills in tl Mayurbhanj region in Orissa to Singhbhum district.1 Jharkhand. In Singhbhum district alone, it is estimated th there are 1,000 million tonnes of high grade iron ore. Co is another important raw material for the iron and ste industry. Raniganj (West Bengal) and Jharia Gharkhan( have abundance of good quality coal. The best coking co, of Giridih and Jharia containing low phosphorus conte] is suited for manufacture of high grade steel.
Besides these two vital raw materials, West Bengal an Jharkhand states are also rich in a large number of flt materials needed for purifying the molten metal, such, limestone (Ranchi hills); silica (jabalpur and Dhanbad); dolomite (Madhya Pradesh, including Chhattisgarh); quartz in Kharagpur hills (in Monghyr, Bihar); and vanadium (Mayurbhanj).
Hence, because of the easy and cheap availability of the above raw materials, the iron and steel industry is located mainly in Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal. Of the seven major steel plants, six are located in these states, and only one in South India (Kamataka).
The TISCO plant at Jamshedpur can be said to be the oldest in the country. It is based on the haematite iron ores from the Gurumahisani mines in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa and from the Noamundi mines in Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. Coal is derived from Jharia mines in Jharkhand. Manganese for the TISCO plant comes from Joda in Kendujhar (Orissa); limestone, dolomite and fireclay
from Sundergarh (Orissa); water from Subamarekha and Kharkai rivers. Labour force for the plant comes from Bihar' and Orissa.
The IISCO plant has three units at Hirapur, Kulti and Bumpur, which were combined and nationalised during 1972. Hirapur produces pig iron which is sent to Kulti for making steel. Bumpur has a steel rolling mill. The iron ore for the plant is obtained from Gua mines, coal from Jharia and power is supplied by the Damodar Valley Corporation. Manganese comes from Madhya Pradesh, and quartz from Kharagpur hills near Monghyr in Bihar. Limestone is obtained from Paraghat and Baraduar on the Eastem Railway.
The VISL plant is located at Bhadravati in Shimoga district of Kamataka which lies in the mineral rich forest belt of western Karnataka. The plant is situated on River Bhadra. The plant produces high quality chrome steel. Iron ore for the plant is obtained from Kemangundi in the Bababudan hills in Chikmaglur district. Earlier, charcoal from forest wood was used because no coal was available, but now power is available from the Bhadravati Hydel Power Project. Limestone for flux is obtained from the Bandigudda deposits. Manganese comes from Shimoga and Chitradurga.
The discovery of coking coal in Korba in Chhattisgarh was the principal event that encouraged the government to set up a steel plant at Bhilai in Durg district of Chhattisgarh which is an economically backward region. The plant was set up with Soviet help and it started operating in 1959. The supply of iron ore for the plant comes from the Dalli- Rajhra ranges of Durg district itself. Coal comes from Korba, Kargali and Jharia. Power is supplied by the Korba Thermal Power Station. Manganese comes from the Bhandra and Balaghat mines, and limestone from Nandini mines. The Bhilai Steel Plant lies on the Mumbai-Nagpur-Kolkata rail line which links the plant to the major markets.
The plant at Rourkela also started operating in 1959.
It was set up in Sundergarh district of Orissa with German help. Iron ore for the plant comes from Sundergarh and Kendujhar; coal comes from Jharia Gharkhand) and Talcher (Orissa); power is supplied by the Hirakud project; manganese comes from Baramajda; dolomite from Baradwar and limestone from Purnapani. The Rourkela plant is the only one in India where steel is produced by L. D.
Conversion Process. It is situated on Kolkata-NagpurMumbai line, and thus linked to major markets.The plant at Durgapur, in Bardhman district of West Bengal, started operating in 1962. It was set up with help from the United Kingdom. The alloy steel plant at Durgapur produces ingot steel. Iron ore for the Durgapur steel plant comes from Bolani mines in Kendujhar; coal from Jharia, and power is supplied by the Damodar Valley Corporation(DVC). Limestone comes from Sundergarh (Orissa) and manganese from Kendujhar (Orissa). Durgapur steel plant is situated on the Kolkata-Asansol rail line. This way, it is connected with Kolkata port and the major markets.
The Bokaro steel plant is situated in Bihar at the confluence of Bokaro and Damodar rivers. It was established during the Third Plan, but started operating in 1972. It was set up with Soviet help. Iron ore for the plant comes from Kiriburu in Kendujhar district of Orissa and partly from Salem, Mangalore and Ratnagiri by sea route. Coal comes from Jharia and power is supplied by DVe. Limestone supplies are drawn from Bhavantpur and Daltonganj in the Palamau district, and dolomite from Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh. The location of the steel plant is favourable, as it is nearest to the industrial region of southern Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi, Kanpur, Ferozabad, Mugalserai) and also has access to Delhi and Amritsar.
The plant at Salem in Tamil Nadu was planned during the Fourth Plan, but it could come into operation only in 1982. Earlier, due to lack of suitable raw materials in the area for making iron by the conventional blast furnace process, the proposal for a steel plant could not get materialised. Salem area is rich in iron ore and this iron Qre undergoes benefication to a higher grade concentrate, agglomerated and then smelted in electric furnace. The Salem plant produces stainless steel.
The Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, which came into operation in 1992, is the first plant in the shore region. It is also the most sophisticated modem integrated steel plant in the country. A number of modern technological features have been incorporated in the. plant. Being located at a port site, the plant has the flexibility to opt for imported coking coal thereby relieving the pressure on Indian coal mines. Also, its products can be easily exported. Visakhapatnam is well connected with the coalfields of Damodar Valley. The iron ore deposits are obtained from Bailadila in Madhya Pradesh. Fluxes like limestone, refractories and ferroalloys can be obtained from the adjacent areas.
The Vijaynagar steel plant has been set up at Tornagal near Hospet in Bellary district of Karnataka. The plant obtains coking coal and blendable coal from the coalfields nearer to Hospet at Kanhan valley in Madhya Pradesh and Sringareni in Andhra Pradesh. Iron ore is available in plenty from mines in Kamataka, while good quality limestone and dolomite is available nearby.
The first integrated steel plant in north India is expected to go into production at Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh. It is being set up by Malvika Steel, a subsidiary of Usha (India). Designed in collaboration with China Metallurgical Import and Export Corporation (CMIEC), the plant will have a mix of 5.75 lakh tonnes of long products and 57,000 tonnes of foundry-grade pig iron per year when fully commissioned.
IDENTIFICATION OF BACKWARD AREAS IN INDIA
IDENTIFICATION OF BACKWARD AREAS IN INDIA
Dispersal of industries to prevent locational concentration has been one of the objectives of the industrial policy and the licensing mechanism. The 1960 Committee on Dispersal of Industries was the first to identify backward areas for the purpose of rural industries. In 1969, the Planning Commission set up two working groups. The one under B. D. Pande was to identify backward areas and formulate a set of criteria for this purpose. The other one under N. N. Wanchoo was to suggest fiscal and financial incentives to stimulate industrialisation of backward areas.
Based on the Pande Committee's ~:riteria for backward states and districts, the Planning Commission outlined the following conditions for identification of backward areas for the purpose of rural industrialisation:
1. per capita foodgrains or commercial" crop production;
2. ratio of agricultural workers in total population; 3. per capita industrial output;
4. number of persons per lakh population in secondary and tertiary activities;
5. peT capita electricity COJ1,sumption;
6. length of surfaced roa-ds or railway mileage per
population.
As per these criteria, there were ten industrially backward states-Assam, Nagaland, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh-and all the union territories (including all the North-Eastern states and Goa) except Delhi, Chandigarh and Pondicherry. In all, 238 districts were id.entified as backward, comprising 60 per cent of the country's area and population.
The major incentives given by the centre to backward areas include (i) concessional refinance scheme of IDBI, (ii) interest subsidy, (iii) technical consultancy services; (iv) seed margin assistance; (v) income tax relief; (vi) special facility for importing raw materials; (vii) central investment subsidy (discontinued under new economic policy). Also, the states can provide land at concessional rates, relief fro sales tax, concessional rates for power, etc.
More Recent Criteria According to these criteria, total of 253 backward districts have been identified. The have been put into tl;\ree categories
A: No Industry Districts These include hilly and trib areas which have no large and medium industry. There a 87 such districts- Madhya Pradesh has 18, Uttar Prade~ has 11. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Kerala have non
B : Backward Areas in Backward States These a eligible for central investment and subsidy. There are! such districts.
C : Backward Areas in Other States These are eligib for concessional finance and are from neither A nor There are 112 such districts.
These districts are entitled to investment subsidy at the following rates
A: 25 per cent, subject to a maximum of Rs 25 lak
B : 15 per cent, subject to a maximum of Rs 15 lak
C : 10 per cent, subject to a maximum of Rs 10 lak
Dispersal of industries to prevent locational concentration has been one of the objectives of the industrial policy and the licensing mechanism. The 1960 Committee on Dispersal of Industries was the first to identify backward areas for the purpose of rural industries. In 1969, the Planning Commission set up two working groups. The one under B. D. Pande was to identify backward areas and formulate a set of criteria for this purpose. The other one under N. N. Wanchoo was to suggest fiscal and financial incentives to stimulate industrialisation of backward areas.
Based on the Pande Committee's ~:riteria for backward states and districts, the Planning Commission outlined the following conditions for identification of backward areas for the purpose of rural industrialisation:
1. per capita foodgrains or commercial" crop production;
2. ratio of agricultural workers in total population; 3. per capita industrial output;
4. number of persons per lakh population in secondary and tertiary activities;
5. peT capita electricity COJ1,sumption;
6. length of surfaced roa-ds or railway mileage per
population.
As per these criteria, there were ten industrially backward states-Assam, Nagaland, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh-and all the union territories (including all the North-Eastern states and Goa) except Delhi, Chandigarh and Pondicherry. In all, 238 districts were id.entified as backward, comprising 60 per cent of the country's area and population.
The major incentives given by the centre to backward areas include (i) concessional refinance scheme of IDBI, (ii) interest subsidy, (iii) technical consultancy services; (iv) seed margin assistance; (v) income tax relief; (vi) special facility for importing raw materials; (vii) central investment subsidy (discontinued under new economic policy). Also, the states can provide land at concessional rates, relief fro sales tax, concessional rates for power, etc.
More Recent Criteria According to these criteria, total of 253 backward districts have been identified. The have been put into tl;\ree categories
A: No Industry Districts These include hilly and trib areas which have no large and medium industry. There a 87 such districts- Madhya Pradesh has 18, Uttar Prade~ has 11. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Kerala have non
B : Backward Areas in Backward States These a eligible for central investment and subsidy. There are! such districts.
C : Backward Areas in Other States These are eligib for concessional finance and are from neither A nor There are 112 such districts.
These districts are entitled to investment subsidy at the following rates
A: 25 per cent, subject to a maximum of Rs 25 lak
B : 15 per cent, subject to a maximum of Rs 15 lak
C : 10 per cent, subject to a maximum of Rs 10 lak
Agra-Mathura-Meerut-Saharanpur and Faridabad-Gurgaon-Ambala Belts
Agra-Mathura-Meerut-Saharanpur and Faridabad-Gurgaon-Ambala Belts Both these belts merge in an agglom~ration in the vicinity of Delhi. A number of industrial clusters have assumed importance in this belt after indepenpence, helped by hydel power from Bhakra and thermal power from Harduaganj and Fc.ridabad. The majorio/ of industries in this belt are agro-balsed industries like sugiir and textiles. The important nodal centres and the indu~triestl;ley support are given below.
Agra: glassworks, iron foundries, leather goods;
Mathura: oil refinery, petrochemicals;
Faridabad: engineering, electronics;
Saharanpur, Yamunanagar: paper mills;
Meerut: sugar.
Agra: glassworks, iron foundries, leather goods;
Mathura: oil refinery, petrochemicals;
Faridabad: engineering, electronics;
Saharanpur, Yamunanagar: paper mills;
Meerut: sugar.
The Chhotanagpur Plateau Region
The Chhotanagpur Plateau Region The factors which favoured industrialisation of this region include the following.
(i) Discovery of coal and iron in the Bihar-Orissa belt, and location of these resources in close proximity to each other facilitated easy utilisation.
(ii) Easy availability of power from the Damodar Valley Project and from coal-based thermal power projects helped in industrialisation.
(iii) Availability of cheap labour from Bihar, Orissa and eastern Uttar Pradesh was of great advantage.
(iv) Proximity to port and access to large market in the vicinity also worked to the advantage of this belt.
The important nodal centres in the Chhotanagpur region.t\clpde Ranchi, Dhanbad, Chaibasa, Sindri, Hazaribagh, Jamshedpur, Daltonganj, Garwa and Japla. The important industries in this region include iron and steel, heavy engineering, machine tools, fertilisers, cement, paper, locomotives and heavy electricals.
(i) Discovery of coal and iron in the Bihar-Orissa belt, and location of these resources in close proximity to each other facilitated easy utilisation.
(ii) Easy availability of power from the Damodar Valley Project and from coal-based thermal power projects helped in industrialisation.
(iii) Availability of cheap labour from Bihar, Orissa and eastern Uttar Pradesh was of great advantage.
(iv) Proximity to port and access to large market in the vicinity also worked to the advantage of this belt.
The important nodal centres in the Chhotanagpur region.t\clpde Ranchi, Dhanbad, Chaibasa, Sindri, Hazaribagh, Jamshedpur, Daltonganj, Garwa and Japla. The important industries in this region include iron and steel, heavy engineering, machine tools, fertilisers, cement, paper, locomotives and heavy electricals.
Madurai-Coimbatore-Bangalore Region
Madurai-Coimbatore-Bangalore Region
It is a predominantly cotton and sugarcane growing region, and has developed around silk textiles, sugar, chemicals, machine tools and leather goods industries. The region receives hydel power from Mettur, Sharavathi, Sivasamudram, Pap ana sam and Pykara projects. Various public sector ent~rprises located in this belt include the Hindustan Machine Tools, the Visveshwaraiya Iron and Steel Works, the Bharat Electronics, the BHEL, the Indian \Telephone Industry and the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. The important industrial centres in this belt include Madurai, Sivakasi, Tiruchirappalli, Bangalore, Madukottai,' Mandya, Mettur, Mysore and Coimbatore.
It is a predominantly cotton and sugarcane growing region, and has developed around silk textiles, sugar, chemicals, machine tools and leather goods industries. The region receives hydel power from Mettur, Sharavathi, Sivasamudram, Pap ana sam and Pykara projects. Various public sector ent~rprises located in this belt include the Hindustan Machine Tools, the Visveshwaraiya Iron and Steel Works, the Bharat Electronics, the BHEL, the Indian \Telephone Industry and the Hindustan Aeronautics Limited. The important industrial centres in this belt include Madurai, Sivakasi, Tiruchirappalli, Bangalore, Madukottai,' Mandya, Mettur, Mysore and Coimbatore.
Ahmedabad-Vadodara Region
Ahmedabad-Vadodara Region This region is characterised by an inland location in the cotton growing Gujarat plains. The following factors helped the industrialisation of this region.
(i) The decline of cotton textile industry of Mumbai due to high transportation costs of cotton from the peninsular region and easy access of Ahmedabad-Vadodara region to raw cotton worked to the advantage of this belt.
(ii) The petrochemical industry around Vadodara and Ankaleshwar developed after oil was discovered in the Gulf of Cambay.
(iii) Location of Kandla port is an obvious advantage. (iv) The densely populated northern plains in close proximity provided an easy market.
Now the region has diversified into diesel engines, textiles machinery, pharmaceuticals and food processing.
(i) The decline of cotton textile industry of Mumbai due to high transportation costs of cotton from the peninsular region and easy access of Ahmedabad-Vadodara region to raw cotton worked to the advantage of this belt.
(ii) The petrochemical industry around Vadodara and Ankaleshwar developed after oil was discovered in the Gulf of Cambay.
(iii) Location of Kandla port is an obvious advantage. (iv) The densely populated northern plains in close proximity provided an easy market.
Now the region has diversified into diesel engines, textiles machinery, pharmaceuticals and food processing.
Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region
Mumbai-Pune Industrial Region In 1774, the British acquired the island of Mumbai" as a site to develop a port. In 1853, the 34-km Mumbai-Thane rail ushered in industrialisation. Opening of routes through Bhorghat to Pune and through Thalghat to Nasik extended the region's influence to the hinterland. The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 established closer links with Europe. Mumbai region had a favourable climate for cotton textiles because of the following reasons:
(i) easy availability of raw cotton from the black soil belt of Narmada and Tapti;
(ii) coastal humid climate which was ideal for weaving and spinning;
(iii) easy availability of hydel power fromm the Western Ghats;
(iv) location of the port on the west~oast which ensured ready access to western markets; and~
(v) easy import of capital goods through t. e port.
Thus, this region emerged as the 'cottonopoJis' o. India. With cotton textiles, a chemical industry also deveh:. ed soon. Today, the belt has extended to Kurla, Jogeshwa. j, Ghatkopar, Villeparle, Andheri, Kalyan, Pimpri, Pune, Bhandup and Thane. The product range of the industry in the Mumbai-Pune belt includes textiles, chemicals, engineering, electricals, drugs, transport equipment, plastic and synthetic goods, leather goods and ship-building. The major problems faced by this belt after independence indude the following.
(i) Eighty per cent of the irrigated, long staple cotton growing areas went to Pakistan.
(ii) Congestion is a serious problem and reclamation of more land from the sea is not going to be economical.
(i) easy availability of raw cotton from the black soil belt of Narmada and Tapti;
(ii) coastal humid climate which was ideal for weaving and spinning;
(iii) easy availability of hydel power fromm the Western Ghats;
(iv) location of the port on the west~oast which ensured ready access to western markets; and~
(v) easy import of capital goods through t. e port.
Thus, this region emerged as the 'cottonopoJis' o. India. With cotton textiles, a chemical industry also deveh:. ed soon. Today, the belt has extended to Kurla, Jogeshwa. j, Ghatkopar, Villeparle, Andheri, Kalyan, Pimpri, Pune, Bhandup and Thane. The product range of the industry in the Mumbai-Pune belt includes textiles, chemicals, engineering, electricals, drugs, transport equipment, plastic and synthetic goods, leather goods and ship-building. The major problems faced by this belt after independence indude the following.
(i) Eighty per cent of the irrigated, long staple cotton growing areas went to Pakistan.
(ii) Congestion is a serious problem and reclamation of more land from the sea is not going to be economical.
Hooghly Industrial Belt
Hooghly Industrial Belt This belt developed around Kolkata as the nucleus. The mouth of River Hooghly presented ideal conditions for development of a port. The Ganga and Brahmaputra linked the belt with rich hinterland. These links were later supplemented and strengthened by rail and road links. The following factors helped in industrialisation of this belt.
(i) Kolkata was the British Indian capital from 1773 to 1912. This ensured continuous British capital investment.
(ii) Tea plantations in close proximity in Assam and Bengal, processing of indigo earlier and jute later coupled with the discovery of coal and iron ore in the Chhotanagpur Plateau region contributed to the industrial development of Hooghly industrial region.
(iii) Cheap labour was easily available from thickly populated and out-migrating states of Bihar, Orissa and eastern Uttar Pradesh.
By 1921, the Hooghly region accounted for two-thirds of the total factory employment in the country. Presently, this region supports a variety of industries which include iron and steel, heavy engineering, rail equipment, transport equipment, chemicals, oil refining, agro-processing, textiles, paper, fertilisers and diverse consumer goods.
The major problems faced by this region, after independence, include the following.
(i) Eighty per cent of the jute hectarage went to Bangladesh, while most of the factories were located on the banks of Hooghly.
(ii) The direct inland link with Assam got brok~n.
(iii) Silting of Kolkata port is a major p~oblem. Farakka barrage is expected to help the situation, while the new Haldia port may ease the pressure to some extent.
(i) Kolkata was the British Indian capital from 1773 to 1912. This ensured continuous British capital investment.
(ii) Tea plantations in close proximity in Assam and Bengal, processing of indigo earlier and jute later coupled with the discovery of coal and iron ore in the Chhotanagpur Plateau region contributed to the industrial development of Hooghly industrial region.
(iii) Cheap labour was easily available from thickly populated and out-migrating states of Bihar, Orissa and eastern Uttar Pradesh.
By 1921, the Hooghly region accounted for two-thirds of the total factory employment in the country. Presently, this region supports a variety of industries which include iron and steel, heavy engineering, rail equipment, transport equipment, chemicals, oil refining, agro-processing, textiles, paper, fertilisers and diverse consumer goods.
The major problems faced by this region, after independence, include the following.
(i) Eighty per cent of the jute hectarage went to Bangladesh, while most of the factories were located on the banks of Hooghly.
(ii) The direct inland link with Assam got brok~n.
(iii) Silting of Kolkata port is a major p~oblem. Farakka barrage is expected to help the situation, while the new Haldia port may ease the pressure to some extent.
INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXES AND INDUSTRIAL REGIONALISATION IN INDIA
INDUSTRIAL COMPLEXES AND INDUSTRIAL REGIONALISATION IN INDIA
As discussed earlier, the location of an industry is influenced by many factors. Since these factors do not exist everywhere, the industries tend to develop in clusters. In India, industrial clustering has taken place in only certain regions due to some advantages. According to B. N. Sinha's classification, there are three types of industrial clusters which are identified on the basis of the number of manufacturing units situated in close proximity, and on the basis of the industrial environment. The three types are as follows.
1. Major Industrial Clusters Those employing a minimum daily number of 15 lakh workers. There are six such clusters (discussed in detail later in the chapter).
2. Minor Industrial Clusters Those employing 2,50,000 workers daily. These include the Assam valley, Darjeeling Duars, north Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh plains, Kanpur, Indore-Ujjain-Nagda, Nagpur-Wardha, Sholapur, Kolhapur-Sangli, Godavari-Krishna delta, Belgaum-Dharwar, Malabar- Trichur, Quilon and Chennai.
3. Industrial Districts Those employing a daily minimum of 25,000 workers. These include scattered industrial centres like Jammu, Amritsar, Rampur, Agra, Jaipur, Nizamabad, Tirunelveli, Kutch, Cuttack, Jabalpur, Gwalior, Bhavadra, Raipur, Adilabad, North Arcot and
Ramnathapuram.
As discussed earlier, the location of an industry is influenced by many factors. Since these factors do not exist everywhere, the industries tend to develop in clusters. In India, industrial clustering has taken place in only certain regions due to some advantages. According to B. N. Sinha's classification, there are three types of industrial clusters which are identified on the basis of the number of manufacturing units situated in close proximity, and on the basis of the industrial environment. The three types are as follows.
1. Major Industrial Clusters Those employing a minimum daily number of 15 lakh workers. There are six such clusters (discussed in detail later in the chapter).
2. Minor Industrial Clusters Those employing 2,50,000 workers daily. These include the Assam valley, Darjeeling Duars, north Bihar and eastern Uttar Pradesh plains, Kanpur, Indore-Ujjain-Nagda, Nagpur-Wardha, Sholapur, Kolhapur-Sangli, Godavari-Krishna delta, Belgaum-Dharwar, Malabar- Trichur, Quilon and Chennai.
3. Industrial Districts Those employing a daily minimum of 25,000 workers. These include scattered industrial centres like Jammu, Amritsar, Rampur, Agra, Jaipur, Nizamabad, Tirunelveli, Kutch, Cuttack, Jabalpur, Gwalior, Bhavadra, Raipur, Adilabad, North Arcot and
Ramnathapuram.
SPATIAL PATTERN OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
SPATIAL PATTERN OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
The distribution of industries in India is highly uneven. This is so partly on account of uneven distribution of the necessary raw materials and power resources and partly due to the concentration of enterprises, financial resources and other necessary conditions in large towns.
Jharkhand, Orissa, adjoining Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, parts of Rajasthan, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu account for most of the reserves of metallic minerals. This area, therefore, particularly the north-eastern part of the peninsula, has a very high concentration of heavy metallurgical industries with almost all the steel centres situated here. Availability of large quantities of coal and refractory materials, along with cheap power from the Damodar Valley Corporation, Hirakud and a number of thermal power projects, has added to the advantages. Rajasthan has copper, lead and zinc; Karnataka has steel, manganese and aluminium; and Tamil Nadu has aluminium metal industries.
Agro-based industries including cotton, jute and sugar are heavily concentrated in the raw material-producing areas. The forest-based industries including paper, plywood, matches, resins and lac are increasingly finding concentration in the forest areas of various states. The coastal belt of Kerala has a heavy concentration of coir, copra and fish canning industries.
A substantial part of India's petroleum requirements are met through imports and, therefore, as many as seven of the 13 refineries are located near major ports. Of the rest, Koyali, Digboi, Noonmati and Bongaigaoll refineries are situated close to the petroleum producing areas, and Mathura and Barauni refineries in the interior, away from the coast and oil-producing areas.
The distribution of cement industry is also highly conditioned by the availability of cement grade limestone in the country.
The coastal regions of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu which produce the bulk of salt in the country have also developed large scale production of inorganic chemicals.
Mechanical engineering, electricals, automobile, fertiliser, and numerous consumer industries, which show little bias for raw material, have come up all over the country with heavier concentration near the big cities.
The distribution of industries in India is highly uneven. This is so partly on account of uneven distribution of the necessary raw materials and power resources and partly due to the concentration of enterprises, financial resources and other necessary conditions in large towns.
Jharkhand, Orissa, adjoining Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh, parts of Rajasthan, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu account for most of the reserves of metallic minerals. This area, therefore, particularly the north-eastern part of the peninsula, has a very high concentration of heavy metallurgical industries with almost all the steel centres situated here. Availability of large quantities of coal and refractory materials, along with cheap power from the Damodar Valley Corporation, Hirakud and a number of thermal power projects, has added to the advantages. Rajasthan has copper, lead and zinc; Karnataka has steel, manganese and aluminium; and Tamil Nadu has aluminium metal industries.
Agro-based industries including cotton, jute and sugar are heavily concentrated in the raw material-producing areas. The forest-based industries including paper, plywood, matches, resins and lac are increasingly finding concentration in the forest areas of various states. The coastal belt of Kerala has a heavy concentration of coir, copra and fish canning industries.
A substantial part of India's petroleum requirements are met through imports and, therefore, as many as seven of the 13 refineries are located near major ports. Of the rest, Koyali, Digboi, Noonmati and Bongaigaoll refineries are situated close to the petroleum producing areas, and Mathura and Barauni refineries in the interior, away from the coast and oil-producing areas.
The distribution of cement industry is also highly conditioned by the availability of cement grade limestone in the country.
The coastal regions of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu which produce the bulk of salt in the country have also developed large scale production of inorganic chemicals.
Mechanical engineering, electricals, automobile, fertiliser, and numerous consumer industries, which show little bias for raw material, have come up all over the country with heavier concentration near the big cities.
FACTORS AFFECTING LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES
FACTORS AFFECTING LOCATION OF INDUSTRIES
Before an industry is located at any place, certain basic requirements have to be considered. Not all of them are required all the time for each and every industry; however, nor can the location of an industry be guided by a single factor. All these factors must be researched and analysed before an industry is established if the expectations of economic production are to be met.
Raw materials are basic requirements for manufacturing industries. Weight-losing industries e.g., cement, sugar (to quintals of sugarcane is needed to produce 1 quintal of sugar) are located near the source of raw material. On the other hand, foot-loose industries are independent of raw material sources, e.g., garment and electronics industries, and can be established practically anywhere.
Power resources are important for energy-intensive industries such as aluminium and polythene bags industries which are located near the energy sources.
Labour supply is another important factor particularly for the labour-intensive industry, e.g., construction industry. To an extent, labour can be brought. to a site from other regions.
Means of transportation and communication playa special role in bringing raw material to the factory and finished products to the market, e.g., cheap water transport has facilitated the development and concentration of jute mills in the Hooghly region.
Market facility also influences industries, many of which are located near large urban centres because the potential buyers are easy available.
Other factors like financial facilities, climate, industrial
incentives and government facilities also matter. In India one could get more subsidised raw material, very low rate of interest on capital and 9!her incentives for establishing an industry in the 'Backward Regions' or in 'No Industry District' .
Before an industry is located at any place, certain basic requirements have to be considered. Not all of them are required all the time for each and every industry; however, nor can the location of an industry be guided by a single factor. All these factors must be researched and analysed before an industry is established if the expectations of economic production are to be met.
Raw materials are basic requirements for manufacturing industries. Weight-losing industries e.g., cement, sugar (to quintals of sugarcane is needed to produce 1 quintal of sugar) are located near the source of raw material. On the other hand, foot-loose industries are independent of raw material sources, e.g., garment and electronics industries, and can be established practically anywhere.
Power resources are important for energy-intensive industries such as aluminium and polythene bags industries which are located near the energy sources.
Labour supply is another important factor particularly for the labour-intensive industry, e.g., construction industry. To an extent, labour can be brought. to a site from other regions.
Means of transportation and communication playa special role in bringing raw material to the factory and finished products to the market, e.g., cheap water transport has facilitated the development and concentration of jute mills in the Hooghly region.
Market facility also influences industries, many of which are located near large urban centres because the potential buyers are easy available.
Other factors like financial facilities, climate, industrial
incentives and government facilities also matter. In India one could get more subsidised raw material, very low rate of interest on capital and 9!her incentives for establishing an industry in the 'Backward Regions' or in 'No Industry District' .
Type of Industries
TYPES
Industry implies the transformation of existent materials into something new, into goods that are used as endproducts themselves, or are utilised to manufacture more goods. Industrial development has become vital for economic progress.
Primary industry comprises the first processing of raw materials. The production of metal from mineral ores, the production of power from coal and oil or the processing of agricultural commodities to form foodstuffs or industrial raw materials are all examples of primary industry.
Under secondary industries come a wide range of operations, of varying complexity. They include all reprocessing of partially manufactured goods to make more complex products, e.g., the use of cloth in clothing, the use of metal parts in the manufacture of machinery.
Tertiary industry cannot be considered a branch of manufacturing at all but comprises the service industries, such as trade, transportation, commerce, entertainment, personal service, tourism, administration and so on.
Industry implies the transformation of existent materials into something new, into goods that are used as endproducts themselves, or are utilised to manufacture more goods. Industrial development has become vital for economic progress.
Primary industry comprises the first processing of raw materials. The production of metal from mineral ores, the production of power from coal and oil or the processing of agricultural commodities to form foodstuffs or industrial raw materials are all examples of primary industry.
Under secondary industries come a wide range of operations, of varying complexity. They include all reprocessing of partially manufactured goods to make more complex products, e.g., the use of cloth in clothing, the use of metal parts in the manufacture of machinery.
Tertiary industry cannot be considered a branch of manufacturing at all but comprises the service industries, such as trade, transportation, commerce, entertainment, personal service, tourism, administration and so on.
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