The light electrical engineering industry at present r a wide range of products including general utility fa lamps, batteries, refrigerators, conditioners and motor Electric fans industry commenced in the year 1921, a since then has made a remarkable and steady progre Electric lamp industry has made good progress es] cially since indeP7ndence, though it was established earli i.e., in the year 1932. The range of production inclue miniature lamps for torches, automobiles, cycle dynam fluorescent tubes, mercury vapour lamps and bulbs. Muml and Kolkata are the largest centres of production.
Production of dry and storage batteries started in t 1930s but got a fillip during the Second World War. Stora batteries are mainly required for motor vehicles, tr, lighting, posts and telegraphs apparatus and power house as well as batteries for traction.
Machine tools form the basis for the manufacture industrial machinery, defence equipment, automobiles, ra way engines and electrical machinery. The range of IT chine tools now being manufactured in India covers su items as lathes, drilling machines, gear bobbers and ge shapers, boring machines, slothing machines, unit he, power hammers, mechanical and hydraulic presses, we] ing machines, furnaces and rolling mills.
Hindustan Machine Tools (HMT), a public sector u dertaking located in Bangalore, is the pioneering and t largest manufacturer of machine tools in the country. It w set up in 1953 in collaboration with the Swiss and t production started in 1956. The multi-unit company produces a wide range of machines like printing machinel lamp-making machinery, high precision lathes, radial driing machines, gears, etc. Two units are located at Bangalore and the others at Pinjore (Haryana), Kalamassery (Kerala), Ajmer and Hyderabad.
Besides HMT, other producers are the Machine Tool Corporation of India set up in 1967 in collaboration with the Czech government at Ajmer; Instrumentation Ltd., having a plant at Kota for precision instruments and one for mechanical instruments at Palakkad (Kerala) set up with financial and technical assistance from the former USSR government; the Heavy Machine Tools Plant .set up at Ranchi with Czech assistance for production of radial drilling machines, double column planning machines, centrallathes, etc.; the Praga Tools Ltd. of Secunderabad under defence administration mainly meant for producing highly sophisticated defence equipments; the National Instruments Factory at Kolkata which produces precision instruments such as drawing instruments, office equipment, survey instruments, binoculars and blood pressure equipments. There are also several private sector units dispersed all over the country with a greater concentration at Mumbai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chennai, Bangalore and Coimbatore.
Thursday, November 5, 2009
Engineering Industry
Germany Essen, Dusseldorf, Dortmund, etc., in the Ruhr Basin are famous centres of machine building in Germany. Solingen is famous for manufacturing cutlery and tools.
France In France, automobiles are manufactured at Clermont Ferrand; textile machinery at Valenciennes and Lille; and heavy machines and locomotives at St. Etienne and Creusot.
Russia Russia is amongst the leading nations in the field of locomoti~es. Voroshilovgrad, Donetsk, Gorky, Kharkov and Omsk are the main centres of locomotive production in the country.
India The machine tool industry which produces machinery for other industries is a specialised field. Machine-tool plants are generally located in long established industrial areas with a ready supply of skilled labour. The developed countries all have good base in engineering industries which include, besides machine tools, electrical goods and electronic systems and transport equipment.
This sector of the industry developed in India only after independence. Before that the country totally depended on imports. Heavy engineering industry produces capital goods and consumer durables and its products can be put into the following categories-industrial machinery or capital goods, power generation equipment, transport equipment, rail equipment, aircraft building and ship building.
Engineering industry requires foundry-grade iron, alloys and special tools as raw materials. These are now produced in almost every part of the country to be used for further fabrication into a wide range of machine tools, machinery and equipment.
The industry also requires skilled labour. This industry is mostly scattered in and around Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Kolkata, Nagpur, Delhi, Chennai, Bhadravati, Bangalore, Mumbai, Thane, Pune, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Agra, Faridabad and Lucknow.
Industrial Machinery units produce capital goods for iron and steel industry, fertiliser industry, mining, construction machinery, sugar industry, textile industry, agricultural machinery, tractors, pumps, diesel engines, etc. The setting up of the Heavy Engineering Corporation at Ranchi in 1958 gave a major boost to heavy engineering industry in India. The HEC has three projects-the heavy machine building plant, the heavy machine tool plant and the foundry forge plant. Besides meeting the requirements of the steel industry, the corporation also produces heavy crushing and grinding equipment, crane equipment, rolling mill equipment, mining equipment~ press forging equipment and oilwell drilling rigs. The Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation, Durgapur, produces coal mining machinery. The offshore drilling rigs are produced only at the. Mazagaon Docks, while onshore drilling equipment is produced at BHEL, Hyderabad.
The heavy electrical industry comprises equipment used for the generation, transmission, distribution and utilisation of power. It includes items such as generators, boilers, turbines, transformers and switchgears. Most these products are manufactured in the public sector companies like Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) , Heavy Electricals Limited (HEL).
BHEL has set up the following plants/units to augm the production of power generating equipments.
(i) Heavy electric equipments plant This was set up Soviet assistance at Ranipur (Hardwar) with the capae of producing 2.7 lakh KW of steam and water turbines a generators, and 5.2 lakh KW of industrial electric mote
(ii) Heavy power equipment plant It was set up Ramchandrapufilm (Andhra Pradesh) with the capacity manufacture 800 MW of steam turbines and turbo-alter] tors per annum.
(iii) High pressure boiler plant The plant has been set at Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu) with the capacity of prod ing 12 high pressure boilers of a total of 750 MW capaCi boiler fittings and package boiler units per year.
(iv) The switch gear unit Set up at Ramachandrapur, (Andhra Pradesh), this unit produces air blast and miniml oil circuit breakers.
The other units of BHEL include Central Found, Forge Plant, Hardwar; Seamless Steel Tube Pia Tiruchirapalli; and Transformer Plant at Jhansi.
HEL was established at Bhopal in 1956 with I technical collaboration of a British firm. It produces stei turbines, turbo-alternators, transformers, freight locoD tives, capacitors using non-inflammable liquid dielectl control gears, switchgears, railway traction equipment, ~
France In France, automobiles are manufactured at Clermont Ferrand; textile machinery at Valenciennes and Lille; and heavy machines and locomotives at St. Etienne and Creusot.
Russia Russia is amongst the leading nations in the field of locomoti~es. Voroshilovgrad, Donetsk, Gorky, Kharkov and Omsk are the main centres of locomotive production in the country.
India The machine tool industry which produces machinery for other industries is a specialised field. Machine-tool plants are generally located in long established industrial areas with a ready supply of skilled labour. The developed countries all have good base in engineering industries which include, besides machine tools, electrical goods and electronic systems and transport equipment.
This sector of the industry developed in India only after independence. Before that the country totally depended on imports. Heavy engineering industry produces capital goods and consumer durables and its products can be put into the following categories-industrial machinery or capital goods, power generation equipment, transport equipment, rail equipment, aircraft building and ship building.
Engineering industry requires foundry-grade iron, alloys and special tools as raw materials. These are now produced in almost every part of the country to be used for further fabrication into a wide range of machine tools, machinery and equipment.
The industry also requires skilled labour. This industry is mostly scattered in and around Jamshedpur, Durgapur, Kolkata, Nagpur, Delhi, Chennai, Bhadravati, Bangalore, Mumbai, Thane, Pune, Ahmedabad, Kanpur, Agra, Faridabad and Lucknow.
Industrial Machinery units produce capital goods for iron and steel industry, fertiliser industry, mining, construction machinery, sugar industry, textile industry, agricultural machinery, tractors, pumps, diesel engines, etc. The setting up of the Heavy Engineering Corporation at Ranchi in 1958 gave a major boost to heavy engineering industry in India. The HEC has three projects-the heavy machine building plant, the heavy machine tool plant and the foundry forge plant. Besides meeting the requirements of the steel industry, the corporation also produces heavy crushing and grinding equipment, crane equipment, rolling mill equipment, mining equipment~ press forging equipment and oilwell drilling rigs. The Mining and Allied Machinery Corporation, Durgapur, produces coal mining machinery. The offshore drilling rigs are produced only at the. Mazagaon Docks, while onshore drilling equipment is produced at BHEL, Hyderabad.
The heavy electrical industry comprises equipment used for the generation, transmission, distribution and utilisation of power. It includes items such as generators, boilers, turbines, transformers and switchgears. Most these products are manufactured in the public sector companies like Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) , Heavy Electricals Limited (HEL).
BHEL has set up the following plants/units to augm the production of power generating equipments.
(i) Heavy electric equipments plant This was set up Soviet assistance at Ranipur (Hardwar) with the capae of producing 2.7 lakh KW of steam and water turbines a generators, and 5.2 lakh KW of industrial electric mote
(ii) Heavy power equipment plant It was set up Ramchandrapufilm (Andhra Pradesh) with the capacity manufacture 800 MW of steam turbines and turbo-alter] tors per annum.
(iii) High pressure boiler plant The plant has been set at Tiruchirapalli (Tamil Nadu) with the capacity of prod ing 12 high pressure boilers of a total of 750 MW capaCi boiler fittings and package boiler units per year.
(iv) The switch gear unit Set up at Ramachandrapur, (Andhra Pradesh), this unit produces air blast and miniml oil circuit breakers.
The other units of BHEL include Central Found, Forge Plant, Hardwar; Seamless Steel Tube Pia Tiruchirapalli; and Transformer Plant at Jhansi.
HEL was established at Bhopal in 1956 with I technical collaboration of a British firm. It produces stei turbines, turbo-alternators, transformers, freight locoD tives, capacitors using non-inflammable liquid dielectl control gears, switchgears, railway traction equipment, ~
Wednesday, November 4, 2009
Units of India's Iron and Steel Industry
Units of India's Iron and Steel Industry
India's iron and steel industry consists of the following units.
Integrated Steel Plants Steel plants of Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro, Burnpur, Visakhapatnam, Salem, Vijaynagar and Bhadravati are integrated steel plants.
Mini-Steel Plants These plants generally use ferrous scrap, pig iron or sponge iron as their raw material.
They work through electric furnaces. While integrated steel plants mainly produce mild steel in bulk quantity, mini-steel plants produce mild steel as well as alloy steel including stainless steel. Crude steel production from this sector during April 1999-January 2000 was 7.09 million tonnes (provisional). Mini-steel plants have short gestation periods and they offer great flexibility in operation.
Re-rolling Units The re-rolling units broadly fall under three categories from the view point of their operations
(i) Billet re-rollers Manufacturing of bars, rods, hoop~ light structurals and special sections.
(ii) Secondary producers Manufacturing of bars, spring steel, rivets, nuts, bolts, steel castings, rods, hoops, wire and wire nails, and light structurals.
(iii) Scrap re-rollers Manufacturing of bars and rods.
These rolling units generally work on small scale, and produce articles which are mostly used for agricultural purposes and ferro-concrete works.
The re-rolling mills are scattered throughout the coun. try, particularly in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and Kerala.
Tool Alloy The alloy steel plant at Durgapur has bee~ established with the help of Japanese consortium for erection of the equipment, while a Canadian firm has
India's iron and steel industry consists of the following units.
Integrated Steel Plants Steel plants of Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro, Burnpur, Visakhapatnam, Salem, Vijaynagar and Bhadravati are integrated steel plants.
Mini-Steel Plants These plants generally use ferrous scrap, pig iron or sponge iron as their raw material.
They work through electric furnaces. While integrated steel plants mainly produce mild steel in bulk quantity, mini-steel plants produce mild steel as well as alloy steel including stainless steel. Crude steel production from this sector during April 1999-January 2000 was 7.09 million tonnes (provisional). Mini-steel plants have short gestation periods and they offer great flexibility in operation.
Re-rolling Units The re-rolling units broadly fall under three categories from the view point of their operations
(i) Billet re-rollers Manufacturing of bars, rods, hoop~ light structurals and special sections.
(ii) Secondary producers Manufacturing of bars, spring steel, rivets, nuts, bolts, steel castings, rods, hoops, wire and wire nails, and light structurals.
(iii) Scrap re-rollers Manufacturing of bars and rods.
These rolling units generally work on small scale, and produce articles which are mostly used for agricultural purposes and ferro-concrete works.
The re-rolling mills are scattered throughout the coun. try, particularly in Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam and Kerala.
Tool Alloy The alloy steel plant at Durgapur has bee~ established with the help of Japanese consortium for erection of the equipment, while a Canadian firm has
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES: IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY
METALLURGICAL INDUSTRIES
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY World The iron and ste industry provides the bas\e for all other industries an hence, it is called a basic industry. Some of the importa iron and steel producing areas of the world are: the Gre Lakes region and the At\antic coast in the USA; tI northern, north-eastern and central parts of England; Franc Belgium, Loraine-Luxembourg-Saar and Ruhr in Westei Europe; Ukraine; the Ural region of Russia; and tI Chhotanagpur region in India. The UK, the US, German Russia. France, Italy, India and China are major produce of iron and steel.
India The first unit, which was able to produce pig in successfully, in India came up at Kulti in 1874 and w, named the Bengal Iron Work Company. Another pIa came up at Sakchi (now Jamshedpur) in 1907, set up 1 the Tatas and called the Tata Iron and Steel Compar (TISCO). In 1919, the Indian Iron and Steel Compar (IISCO) plant was set up at Burnpur. In 1923, another pIa came up, called the Mysore Steel Works (later named tI Visveshwaraiya Iron and Steel Limited-VISL).
The location of iron and steel industry in India has beE primarily influenced by considerations of transportation costs in procuring raw materials such as iron ore, coal ar limestone. The country's richest iron ore deposits lie in tl iron belt extending from Gurumahisani Hills in tl Mayurbhanj region in Orissa to Singhbhum district.1 Jharkhand. In Singhbhum district alone, it is estimated th there are 1,000 million tonnes of high grade iron ore. Co is another important raw material for the iron and ste industry. Raniganj (West Bengal) and Jharia Gharkhan( have abundance of good quality coal. The best coking co, of Giridih and Jharia containing low phosphorus conte] is suited for manufacture of high grade steel.
Besides these two vital raw materials, West Bengal an Jharkhand states are also rich in a large number of flt materials needed for purifying the molten metal, such, limestone (Ranchi hills); silica (jabalpur and Dhanbad); dolomite (Madhya Pradesh, including Chhattisgarh); quartz in Kharagpur hills (in Monghyr, Bihar); and vanadium (Mayurbhanj).
Hence, because of the easy and cheap availability of the above raw materials, the iron and steel industry is located mainly in Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal. Of the seven major steel plants, six are located in these states, and only one in South India (Kamataka).
The TISCO plant at Jamshedpur can be said to be the oldest in the country. It is based on the haematite iron ores from the Gurumahisani mines in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa and from the Noamundi mines in Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. Coal is derived from Jharia mines in Jharkhand. Manganese for the TISCO plant comes from Joda in Kendujhar (Orissa); limestone, dolomite and fireclay
from Sundergarh (Orissa); water from Subamarekha and Kharkai rivers. Labour force for the plant comes from Bihar' and Orissa.
The IISCO plant has three units at Hirapur, Kulti and Bumpur, which were combined and nationalised during 1972. Hirapur produces pig iron which is sent to Kulti for making steel. Bumpur has a steel rolling mill. The iron ore for the plant is obtained from Gua mines, coal from Jharia and power is supplied by the Damodar Valley Corporation. Manganese comes from Madhya Pradesh, and quartz from Kharagpur hills near Monghyr in Bihar. Limestone is obtained from Paraghat and Baraduar on the Eastem Railway.
The VISL plant is located at Bhadravati in Shimoga district of Kamataka which lies in the mineral rich forest belt of western Karnataka. The plant is situated on River Bhadra. The plant produces high quality chrome steel. Iron ore for the plant is obtained from Kemangundi in the Bababudan hills in Chikmaglur district. Earlier, charcoal from forest wood was used because no coal was available, but now power is available from the Bhadravati Hydel Power Project. Limestone for flux is obtained from the Bandigudda deposits. Manganese comes from Shimoga and Chitradurga.
The discovery of coking coal in Korba in Chhattisgarh was the principal event that encouraged the government to set up a steel plant at Bhilai in Durg district of Chhattisgarh which is an economically backward region. The plant was set up with Soviet help and it started operating in 1959. The supply of iron ore for the plant comes from the Dalli- Rajhra ranges of Durg district itself. Coal comes from Korba, Kargali and Jharia. Power is supplied by the Korba Thermal Power Station. Manganese comes from the Bhandra and Balaghat mines, and limestone from Nandini mines. The Bhilai Steel Plant lies on the Mumbai-Nagpur-Kolkata rail line which links the plant to the major markets.
The plant at Rourkela also started operating in 1959.
It was set up in Sundergarh district of Orissa with German help. Iron ore for the plant comes from Sundergarh and Kendujhar; coal comes from Jharia Gharkhand) and Talcher (Orissa); power is supplied by the Hirakud project; manganese comes from Baramajda; dolomite from Baradwar and limestone from Purnapani. The Rourkela plant is the only one in India where steel is produced by L. D.
Conversion Process. It is situated on Kolkata-NagpurMumbai line, and thus linked to major markets.The plant at Durgapur, in Bardhman district of West Bengal, started operating in 1962. It was set up with help from the United Kingdom. The alloy steel plant at Durgapur produces ingot steel. Iron ore for the Durgapur steel plant comes from Bolani mines in Kendujhar; coal from Jharia, and power is supplied by the Damodar Valley Corporation(DVC). Limestone comes from Sundergarh (Orissa) and manganese from Kendujhar (Orissa). Durgapur steel plant is situated on the Kolkata-Asansol rail line. This way, it is connected with Kolkata port and the major markets.
The Bokaro steel plant is situated in Bihar at the confluence of Bokaro and Damodar rivers. It was established during the Third Plan, but started operating in 1972. It was set up with Soviet help. Iron ore for the plant comes from Kiriburu in Kendujhar district of Orissa and partly from Salem, Mangalore and Ratnagiri by sea route. Coal comes from Jharia and power is supplied by DVe. Limestone supplies are drawn from Bhavantpur and Daltonganj in the Palamau district, and dolomite from Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh. The location of the steel plant is favourable, as it is nearest to the industrial region of southern Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi, Kanpur, Ferozabad, Mugalserai) and also has access to Delhi and Amritsar.
The plant at Salem in Tamil Nadu was planned during the Fourth Plan, but it could come into operation only in 1982. Earlier, due to lack of suitable raw materials in the area for making iron by the conventional blast furnace process, the proposal for a steel plant could not get materialised. Salem area is rich in iron ore and this iron Qre undergoes benefication to a higher grade concentrate, agglomerated and then smelted in electric furnace. The Salem plant produces stainless steel.
The Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, which came into operation in 1992, is the first plant in the shore region. It is also the most sophisticated modem integrated steel plant in the country. A number of modern technological features have been incorporated in the. plant. Being located at a port site, the plant has the flexibility to opt for imported coking coal thereby relieving the pressure on Indian coal mines. Also, its products can be easily exported. Visakhapatnam is well connected with the coalfields of Damodar Valley. The iron ore deposits are obtained from Bailadila in Madhya Pradesh. Fluxes like limestone, refractories and ferroalloys can be obtained from the adjacent areas.
The Vijaynagar steel plant has been set up at Tornagal near Hospet in Bellary district of Karnataka. The plant obtains coking coal and blendable coal from the coalfields nearer to Hospet at Kanhan valley in Madhya Pradesh and Sringareni in Andhra Pradesh. Iron ore is available in plenty from mines in Kamataka, while good quality limestone and dolomite is available nearby.
The first integrated steel plant in north India is expected to go into production at Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh. It is being set up by Malvika Steel, a subsidiary of Usha (India). Designed in collaboration with China Metallurgical Import and Export Corporation (CMIEC), the plant will have a mix of 5.75 lakh tonnes of long products and 57,000 tonnes of foundry-grade pig iron per year when fully commissioned.
IRON AND STEEL INDUSTRY World The iron and ste industry provides the bas\e for all other industries an hence, it is called a basic industry. Some of the importa iron and steel producing areas of the world are: the Gre Lakes region and the At\antic coast in the USA; tI northern, north-eastern and central parts of England; Franc Belgium, Loraine-Luxembourg-Saar and Ruhr in Westei Europe; Ukraine; the Ural region of Russia; and tI Chhotanagpur region in India. The UK, the US, German Russia. France, Italy, India and China are major produce of iron and steel.
India The first unit, which was able to produce pig in successfully, in India came up at Kulti in 1874 and w, named the Bengal Iron Work Company. Another pIa came up at Sakchi (now Jamshedpur) in 1907, set up 1 the Tatas and called the Tata Iron and Steel Compar (TISCO). In 1919, the Indian Iron and Steel Compar (IISCO) plant was set up at Burnpur. In 1923, another pIa came up, called the Mysore Steel Works (later named tI Visveshwaraiya Iron and Steel Limited-VISL).
The location of iron and steel industry in India has beE primarily influenced by considerations of transportation costs in procuring raw materials such as iron ore, coal ar limestone. The country's richest iron ore deposits lie in tl iron belt extending from Gurumahisani Hills in tl Mayurbhanj region in Orissa to Singhbhum district.1 Jharkhand. In Singhbhum district alone, it is estimated th there are 1,000 million tonnes of high grade iron ore. Co is another important raw material for the iron and ste industry. Raniganj (West Bengal) and Jharia Gharkhan( have abundance of good quality coal. The best coking co, of Giridih and Jharia containing low phosphorus conte] is suited for manufacture of high grade steel.
Besides these two vital raw materials, West Bengal an Jharkhand states are also rich in a large number of flt materials needed for purifying the molten metal, such, limestone (Ranchi hills); silica (jabalpur and Dhanbad); dolomite (Madhya Pradesh, including Chhattisgarh); quartz in Kharagpur hills (in Monghyr, Bihar); and vanadium (Mayurbhanj).
Hence, because of the easy and cheap availability of the above raw materials, the iron and steel industry is located mainly in Jharkhand, Orissa, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal. Of the seven major steel plants, six are located in these states, and only one in South India (Kamataka).
The TISCO plant at Jamshedpur can be said to be the oldest in the country. It is based on the haematite iron ores from the Gurumahisani mines in Mayurbhanj district of Orissa and from the Noamundi mines in Singhbhum district of Jharkhand. Coal is derived from Jharia mines in Jharkhand. Manganese for the TISCO plant comes from Joda in Kendujhar (Orissa); limestone, dolomite and fireclay
from Sundergarh (Orissa); water from Subamarekha and Kharkai rivers. Labour force for the plant comes from Bihar' and Orissa.
The IISCO plant has three units at Hirapur, Kulti and Bumpur, which were combined and nationalised during 1972. Hirapur produces pig iron which is sent to Kulti for making steel. Bumpur has a steel rolling mill. The iron ore for the plant is obtained from Gua mines, coal from Jharia and power is supplied by the Damodar Valley Corporation. Manganese comes from Madhya Pradesh, and quartz from Kharagpur hills near Monghyr in Bihar. Limestone is obtained from Paraghat and Baraduar on the Eastem Railway.
The VISL plant is located at Bhadravati in Shimoga district of Kamataka which lies in the mineral rich forest belt of western Karnataka. The plant is situated on River Bhadra. The plant produces high quality chrome steel. Iron ore for the plant is obtained from Kemangundi in the Bababudan hills in Chikmaglur district. Earlier, charcoal from forest wood was used because no coal was available, but now power is available from the Bhadravati Hydel Power Project. Limestone for flux is obtained from the Bandigudda deposits. Manganese comes from Shimoga and Chitradurga.
The discovery of coking coal in Korba in Chhattisgarh was the principal event that encouraged the government to set up a steel plant at Bhilai in Durg district of Chhattisgarh which is an economically backward region. The plant was set up with Soviet help and it started operating in 1959. The supply of iron ore for the plant comes from the Dalli- Rajhra ranges of Durg district itself. Coal comes from Korba, Kargali and Jharia. Power is supplied by the Korba Thermal Power Station. Manganese comes from the Bhandra and Balaghat mines, and limestone from Nandini mines. The Bhilai Steel Plant lies on the Mumbai-Nagpur-Kolkata rail line which links the plant to the major markets.
The plant at Rourkela also started operating in 1959.
It was set up in Sundergarh district of Orissa with German help. Iron ore for the plant comes from Sundergarh and Kendujhar; coal comes from Jharia Gharkhand) and Talcher (Orissa); power is supplied by the Hirakud project; manganese comes from Baramajda; dolomite from Baradwar and limestone from Purnapani. The Rourkela plant is the only one in India where steel is produced by L. D.
Conversion Process. It is situated on Kolkata-NagpurMumbai line, and thus linked to major markets.The plant at Durgapur, in Bardhman district of West Bengal, started operating in 1962. It was set up with help from the United Kingdom. The alloy steel plant at Durgapur produces ingot steel. Iron ore for the Durgapur steel plant comes from Bolani mines in Kendujhar; coal from Jharia, and power is supplied by the Damodar Valley Corporation(DVC). Limestone comes from Sundergarh (Orissa) and manganese from Kendujhar (Orissa). Durgapur steel plant is situated on the Kolkata-Asansol rail line. This way, it is connected with Kolkata port and the major markets.
The Bokaro steel plant is situated in Bihar at the confluence of Bokaro and Damodar rivers. It was established during the Third Plan, but started operating in 1972. It was set up with Soviet help. Iron ore for the plant comes from Kiriburu in Kendujhar district of Orissa and partly from Salem, Mangalore and Ratnagiri by sea route. Coal comes from Jharia and power is supplied by DVe. Limestone supplies are drawn from Bhavantpur and Daltonganj in the Palamau district, and dolomite from Bilaspur in Chhattisgarh. The location of the steel plant is favourable, as it is nearest to the industrial region of southern Uttar Pradesh (Varanasi, Kanpur, Ferozabad, Mugalserai) and also has access to Delhi and Amritsar.
The plant at Salem in Tamil Nadu was planned during the Fourth Plan, but it could come into operation only in 1982. Earlier, due to lack of suitable raw materials in the area for making iron by the conventional blast furnace process, the proposal for a steel plant could not get materialised. Salem area is rich in iron ore and this iron Qre undergoes benefication to a higher grade concentrate, agglomerated and then smelted in electric furnace. The Salem plant produces stainless steel.
The Visakhapatnam Steel Plant, which came into operation in 1992, is the first plant in the shore region. It is also the most sophisticated modem integrated steel plant in the country. A number of modern technological features have been incorporated in the. plant. Being located at a port site, the plant has the flexibility to opt for imported coking coal thereby relieving the pressure on Indian coal mines. Also, its products can be easily exported. Visakhapatnam is well connected with the coalfields of Damodar Valley. The iron ore deposits are obtained from Bailadila in Madhya Pradesh. Fluxes like limestone, refractories and ferroalloys can be obtained from the adjacent areas.
The Vijaynagar steel plant has been set up at Tornagal near Hospet in Bellary district of Karnataka. The plant obtains coking coal and blendable coal from the coalfields nearer to Hospet at Kanhan valley in Madhya Pradesh and Sringareni in Andhra Pradesh. Iron ore is available in plenty from mines in Kamataka, while good quality limestone and dolomite is available nearby.
The first integrated steel plant in north India is expected to go into production at Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh. It is being set up by Malvika Steel, a subsidiary of Usha (India). Designed in collaboration with China Metallurgical Import and Export Corporation (CMIEC), the plant will have a mix of 5.75 lakh tonnes of long products and 57,000 tonnes of foundry-grade pig iron per year when fully commissioned.
IDENTIFICATION OF BACKWARD AREAS IN INDIA
IDENTIFICATION OF BACKWARD AREAS IN INDIA
Dispersal of industries to prevent locational concentration has been one of the objectives of the industrial policy and the licensing mechanism. The 1960 Committee on Dispersal of Industries was the first to identify backward areas for the purpose of rural industries. In 1969, the Planning Commission set up two working groups. The one under B. D. Pande was to identify backward areas and formulate a set of criteria for this purpose. The other one under N. N. Wanchoo was to suggest fiscal and financial incentives to stimulate industrialisation of backward areas.
Based on the Pande Committee's ~:riteria for backward states and districts, the Planning Commission outlined the following conditions for identification of backward areas for the purpose of rural industrialisation:
1. per capita foodgrains or commercial" crop production;
2. ratio of agricultural workers in total population; 3. per capita industrial output;
4. number of persons per lakh population in secondary and tertiary activities;
5. peT capita electricity COJ1,sumption;
6. length of surfaced roa-ds or railway mileage per
population.
As per these criteria, there were ten industrially backward states-Assam, Nagaland, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh-and all the union territories (including all the North-Eastern states and Goa) except Delhi, Chandigarh and Pondicherry. In all, 238 districts were id.entified as backward, comprising 60 per cent of the country's area and population.
The major incentives given by the centre to backward areas include (i) concessional refinance scheme of IDBI, (ii) interest subsidy, (iii) technical consultancy services; (iv) seed margin assistance; (v) income tax relief; (vi) special facility for importing raw materials; (vii) central investment subsidy (discontinued under new economic policy). Also, the states can provide land at concessional rates, relief fro sales tax, concessional rates for power, etc.
More Recent Criteria According to these criteria, total of 253 backward districts have been identified. The have been put into tl;\ree categories
A: No Industry Districts These include hilly and trib areas which have no large and medium industry. There a 87 such districts- Madhya Pradesh has 18, Uttar Prade~ has 11. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Kerala have non
B : Backward Areas in Backward States These a eligible for central investment and subsidy. There are! such districts.
C : Backward Areas in Other States These are eligib for concessional finance and are from neither A nor There are 112 such districts.
These districts are entitled to investment subsidy at the following rates
A: 25 per cent, subject to a maximum of Rs 25 lak
B : 15 per cent, subject to a maximum of Rs 15 lak
C : 10 per cent, subject to a maximum of Rs 10 lak
Dispersal of industries to prevent locational concentration has been one of the objectives of the industrial policy and the licensing mechanism. The 1960 Committee on Dispersal of Industries was the first to identify backward areas for the purpose of rural industries. In 1969, the Planning Commission set up two working groups. The one under B. D. Pande was to identify backward areas and formulate a set of criteria for this purpose. The other one under N. N. Wanchoo was to suggest fiscal and financial incentives to stimulate industrialisation of backward areas.
Based on the Pande Committee's ~:riteria for backward states and districts, the Planning Commission outlined the following conditions for identification of backward areas for the purpose of rural industrialisation:
1. per capita foodgrains or commercial" crop production;
2. ratio of agricultural workers in total population; 3. per capita industrial output;
4. number of persons per lakh population in secondary and tertiary activities;
5. peT capita electricity COJ1,sumption;
6. length of surfaced roa-ds or railway mileage per
population.
As per these criteria, there were ten industrially backward states-Assam, Nagaland, Himachal Pradesh, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Orissa, Jammu and Kashmir, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh-and all the union territories (including all the North-Eastern states and Goa) except Delhi, Chandigarh and Pondicherry. In all, 238 districts were id.entified as backward, comprising 60 per cent of the country's area and population.
The major incentives given by the centre to backward areas include (i) concessional refinance scheme of IDBI, (ii) interest subsidy, (iii) technical consultancy services; (iv) seed margin assistance; (v) income tax relief; (vi) special facility for importing raw materials; (vii) central investment subsidy (discontinued under new economic policy). Also, the states can provide land at concessional rates, relief fro sales tax, concessional rates for power, etc.
More Recent Criteria According to these criteria, total of 253 backward districts have been identified. The have been put into tl;\ree categories
A: No Industry Districts These include hilly and trib areas which have no large and medium industry. There a 87 such districts- Madhya Pradesh has 18, Uttar Prade~ has 11. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Kerala have non
B : Backward Areas in Backward States These a eligible for central investment and subsidy. There are! such districts.
C : Backward Areas in Other States These are eligib for concessional finance and are from neither A nor There are 112 such districts.
These districts are entitled to investment subsidy at the following rates
A: 25 per cent, subject to a maximum of Rs 25 lak
B : 15 per cent, subject to a maximum of Rs 15 lak
C : 10 per cent, subject to a maximum of Rs 10 lak
Agra-Mathura-Meerut-Saharanpur and Faridabad-Gurgaon-Ambala Belts
Agra-Mathura-Meerut-Saharanpur and Faridabad-Gurgaon-Ambala Belts Both these belts merge in an agglom~ration in the vicinity of Delhi. A number of industrial clusters have assumed importance in this belt after indepenpence, helped by hydel power from Bhakra and thermal power from Harduaganj and Fc.ridabad. The majorio/ of industries in this belt are agro-balsed industries like sugiir and textiles. The important nodal centres and the indu~triestl;ley support are given below.
Agra: glassworks, iron foundries, leather goods;
Mathura: oil refinery, petrochemicals;
Faridabad: engineering, electronics;
Saharanpur, Yamunanagar: paper mills;
Meerut: sugar.
Agra: glassworks, iron foundries, leather goods;
Mathura: oil refinery, petrochemicals;
Faridabad: engineering, electronics;
Saharanpur, Yamunanagar: paper mills;
Meerut: sugar.
The Chhotanagpur Plateau Region
The Chhotanagpur Plateau Region The factors which favoured industrialisation of this region include the following.
(i) Discovery of coal and iron in the Bihar-Orissa belt, and location of these resources in close proximity to each other facilitated easy utilisation.
(ii) Easy availability of power from the Damodar Valley Project and from coal-based thermal power projects helped in industrialisation.
(iii) Availability of cheap labour from Bihar, Orissa and eastern Uttar Pradesh was of great advantage.
(iv) Proximity to port and access to large market in the vicinity also worked to the advantage of this belt.
The important nodal centres in the Chhotanagpur region.t\clpde Ranchi, Dhanbad, Chaibasa, Sindri, Hazaribagh, Jamshedpur, Daltonganj, Garwa and Japla. The important industries in this region include iron and steel, heavy engineering, machine tools, fertilisers, cement, paper, locomotives and heavy electricals.
(i) Discovery of coal and iron in the Bihar-Orissa belt, and location of these resources in close proximity to each other facilitated easy utilisation.
(ii) Easy availability of power from the Damodar Valley Project and from coal-based thermal power projects helped in industrialisation.
(iii) Availability of cheap labour from Bihar, Orissa and eastern Uttar Pradesh was of great advantage.
(iv) Proximity to port and access to large market in the vicinity also worked to the advantage of this belt.
The important nodal centres in the Chhotanagpur region.t\clpde Ranchi, Dhanbad, Chaibasa, Sindri, Hazaribagh, Jamshedpur, Daltonganj, Garwa and Japla. The important industries in this region include iron and steel, heavy engineering, machine tools, fertilisers, cement, paper, locomotives and heavy electricals.
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